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节 2.1 线性方程组、消元法及几何直观
练习 练习
基础题.
1.
判断下列方程是否是关于变元\(x_1,x_2,x_3\)的线性方程。
-
-
\(\frac{1}{2}x_1-3x_2=4\);
-
\(2^{x_1}+3^{x_2}+5^{x_3}=6\);
-
\(2x_1-x_2^{-1}+3x_3=0\);
-
\(\tan x_1 +\sin x_2+\cos x_3=3\);
-
\(-x_1+2x_3=7x_1-2x_2-9\)。
2.
判断下列方程组是否是关于变元\(x,y\)的线性方程组。若是,求解该线性方程组。
-
\(\displaystyle \left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
2x^2-y^2&=&3,\\
-x^2+y^2&=&-1;
\end{array}\right.\)
-
\(\displaystyle \left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
3x-6y&=&3,\\
-x+2y&=&1;
\end{array}\right.\)
-
\(\displaystyle \left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
3x-6y&=&3,\\
-x+2y&=&-1;
\end{array}\right.\)
解答.
-
-
是。互换两个方程的顺序,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
-x+2y&=&1,\\
3x-6y&=&3,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
将第\(1\)个方程乘以\(3\)加到第\(2\)个方程,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
-x+2y&=&1,\\
0&=&6,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
最后一个方程显然不成立,所以该线性方程组无解。
-
是。互换两个方程的顺序,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
-x+2y&=&-1,\\
3x-6y&=&3,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
将第\(1\)个方程乘以\(3\)加到第\(2\)个方程,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
-x+2y&=&1,\\
0&=&0,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
所以该线性方程组有无穷多解 \(\left\{\begin{array}{l}
x=2c-1,\\
y=c,\end{array}\right.\) 其中\(c\)为任意常数。
3.
求解下列线性方程组:
-
\(\displaystyle \left\{\begin{array}{rcl}
x_1-x_2+x_3&=&b_1,\\
x_2+2x_3&=&b_2,\\
x_3&=&b_3;
\end{array}\right.\)
-
\(\displaystyle \left\{\begin{array}{rcl}
x_1+2x_2-x_3+x_4&=&b_1,\\
x_3-2x_4&=&b_2,\\
x_4&=&b_3;
\end{array}\right.\)
-
\(\displaystyle \left\{\begin{array}{rcl}
x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4&=&1,\\
3x_1+2x_2+x_3+x_4&=&-3,\\
5x_1+4x_2+3x_3+3x_4&=&-1.
\end{array}\right.\)
解答.
-
将第\(3\)个方程分别乘以\(-2\)、\(-1\)加到第\(2\)个、第\(1\)个方程,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{rccl}
x_1-x_2&&=&b_1-b_3,\\
x_2&&=&b_2-2b_3,\\
&x_3&=&b_3,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
将第\(2\)个方程加到第\(1\)个方程,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{rcccl}
x_1&&&=&b_1+b_2-3b_3,\\
&x_2&&=&b_2-2b_3,\\
&&x_3&=&b_3,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
所以该线性方程组有唯一解 \(\left\{\begin{array}{l}
x_1=b_1+b_2-3b_3,\\
x_2=b_2-2b_3,\\
x_3=b_3.
\end{array}\right.\)
-
将第\(3\)个方程分别乘以\(2\)、\(-1\)加到第\(2\)个、第\(1\)个方程,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{rccl}
x_1+2x_2-x_3&&=&b_1-b_3,\\
x_3&&=&b_2+2b_3,\\
&x_4&=&b_3,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
将第\(2\)个方程加到第\(1\)个方程,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{rcccl}
x_1+2x_2&&&=&b_1+b_2+b_3,\\
&x_3&&=&b_2+2b_3,\\
&&x_4&=&b_3,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
所以该线性方程组有无穷多解 :
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{l}
x_1=b_1+b_2+b_3-2c,\\
x_2=c,\\
x_3=b_2+2b_3,\\
x_4=b_3,\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
其中\(c\)为任意常数。
-
将第\(1\)个方程分别乘以\(-3\)、\(-5\)加到第\(2\)个、第\(3\)个方程,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{rcl}
x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4&=&1,\\
-x_2-2x_3-2x_4&=&-6,\\
-x_2-2x_3-2x_4&=&-6,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
将第\(2\)个方程乘以\(-1\)第\(3\)个方程,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{rcl}
x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4&=&1,\\
-x_2-2x_3-2x_4&=&-6,\\
0&=&0,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
将第\(2\)个方程加到第\(1\)个方程,得
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{rccrl}
x_1&&-x_3-x_4&=&-5,\\
&-x_2&-2x_3-2x_4&=&-6,\\
&&0&=&0,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
变元\(x_3,x_4\)任取一组数值可确定出该方程组的一个解,因此该方程组有无穷多解:
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{array}{l}
x_1=-5+c+d,\\
x_2=6-2c-2d,\\
x_3=c,\\
x_4=d,
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation*}
其中\(c,d\)为任意常数。